How To Automate Social Media With CoSchedule Get Your Time Back

How To Automate Social Media With Get Your Time Back Is social media marketing impossible without automation tools? Close to it. Even if you’re Wonder Woman, there’s too much that needs your attention to handle by yourself. Social automation tools make it possible for your team to do more in less time, as well as making the impossible easy (like posting 25 times a day while getting anything else done). However, with so many options out there, how do you choose the best tool set? One word: . With our all-in-one marketing calendar platform, you can automate your social media marketing in one place (and keep the rest of your marketing organized, too). This post is going to walk you through how it all works, from how to set up your accounts, to how to use some of our most popular features like ReQueue and Best Time Scheduling. How To Automate Your Social Media With And Get Your Time BackWhat Is Social Media Automation? Social media automation is the process of scheduling social media content to publish automatically without manual effort. Automate Your Social Media With Free For 14 Days Were about to cover all kinds of cool stuff you can do with . If youre not already a customer, grab a free trial below and follow along! Social Media Automation Best Practices Like anything else in the realm social media, there are major do’s and don’ts as well as best practices that will help you get the most out of your automation process. Read Before You Share If you’re sharing content, it’s important that you read the whole article or consume the piece in its entirety. Why? You need to be able to create messaging that shows actual understanding of what it’s about. People can tell if you haven’t read the content before posting it. You also want to make sure that a piece of content fits your brand. Headlines don’t always explain everything, and the last thing your team wants to do is post an article that doesn’t have anything to do with what your company does. Plus it’s lazy and you don’t want to be lazy when it comes to social media. #social #media tip: always read before you share!Automate Your Social Media Promotions For Publishing New Content Our next best practice for automating social media marketing is to create new social media campaigns anytime your team creates a new piece of content. You spend a lot of time working on that content, so dont waste the opportunity to promote it. Shut Off Your Automated Campaigns During A Company Crisis It happened. Suddenly your company is in PR crisis mode, which means the first thing your team needs to do is shut off your automatic social campaigns. There is nothing worse than when a company is already facing a crisis, and suddenly a tweet goes out about something irrelevant It comes off as insensitive to what’s already happening with the company and could make the situation worse. If your team goes into a crisis mode, pop into your calendar and find your social campaigns: Either turn them off until the crisis has passed: Or push their publish date back a week or two, until you’re back in control of the situation: When in doubt, consult your PR disaster plan  or speak to your communications team on what steps to take. Recommended Reading: How to Build a Thorough Social Media Policy to Prevent Emergencies Facing a #social #media crisis? Dont forget to turn off any #automated campaigns.Use ReQueue To Reshare Evergreen Social Media Content You should be sure to maximize the life of your evergreen content by resharing it on social media. But wouldn’t people become annoyed seeing the same social message? Not exactly because social media messages have a short lifespan. For Facebook, it’s about two hours and thirty minutes, while Twitter is a maximum of 18 minutes. That means that your team should reuse that content again to make sure your audience actually sees it. Re-posting your content can be time-consuming though. That’s where a tool like ReQueue  comes in. ReQueue is an intelligent social media queue that allows users to reshare content at the click of a button and simply forget it. Not to mention that ReQueue is super simple to activate. Just scroll down to the post you want to add to your queue: Scroll to the bottom and toggle the ReQueue switch to on: Select your queue feed and the tool will take it from there: #social #media tip: use #ReQueue in @to reshare posts auto-magically:Use Best Time Scheduling To Automate Posting Times The final best practice we’ll cover is sending your posts at the best times. Why? During peak times when your audience is the most active, you have the best chance at getting more eyeballs on your content. Now with Best Time Scheduling  in  ,  you don’t have to sit and look up the best times to post anymore.  It’ll do that automatically for you. How can you active this fantastic feature? Go to your calendar and select a social post: Scroll down to the bottom: Select Best Time from the dropdown menu and let do the rest: Avoid These  Cardinal Sins Of Social Media Automation The ability to automate your social media is an awesome power, but with that power comes the responsibility of using it correctly. So these are some faux pas you should avoid at all cost. Automatic Direct Messages (DM) Nothing grinds my gears more than when I follow someone on Twitter and an automatic message shows up in my direct message folder. While it may seem like a good idea to thank everyone who follows you, it comes off like spam. No one wants to read a hollow sentiment  they know every other follower is getting. So, just say no to automated DMs. Just say no to automated DMs.Automated Responses To Customer Complaints There’s a very good reason why you should never, ever send automated responses to customer complaints. Applebee’s  found that out the hard way a few years ago when they started copying and pasting the same comment over and over to angry customers. When someone is already fired up on social media, they want to know they’ve been heard. Automating your company’s response sends a clear message that their opinion doesn’t matter to you and adds  gas  to the flame. Never automate responses to customer complaints on #social #media.Schedule One Message Across Multiple Networks While it may seem like a great social media hack, your team needs to avoid is posting the same message across multiple networks. Each social network has different requirements and best practices. Not to mention unique audiences and purposes. For example, your LinkedIn content might be professional, while your tweets might be more fun and light-hearted. There’s an easy way to optimize every post for each network, though.  Use the Social Message Optimizer. Using this free  web-based  tool is simple. First, type your message into the field and select which type of post you’re going to be sharing: After hitting score my message, you’ll have feedback on how to improve your post for every network. You can edit the message without changing it for the whole group: Once you find the right fit, copy the content into your calendar: Use the Social Message Optimizer to tailor each post to every network.Setting Up Your Account For Social Automation Get your team members that will be working on social media marketing  set up in your organization’s  account. In the settings tab of your calendar underneath Team is a spot for you to add new team members: To start, enter their email address: They should receive an email that walks them through how to set up their account: Once their account is set up, a short onboarding session will walk them through how to use the tool: If your team needs more profiles than what is available with your plan, you can add more by going to Billing and adding extra profiles for an additional fee instead of upgrading your whole plan. Once your users are in, you need to connect your company’s profiles. To do this go to your settings menu and under Social Profiles, select Connect A Social Profile: Select the channel you want to connect: Available profiles or pages will surface allowing you to pick which ones you’d like to connect: Your newly connected profile should show in your connected profiles feed: Creating Ad Hoc Social Media Posts Ad-hoc social media posts are one-off posts that stand by themselves (rather than being part of a broader coordinated campaign). . These normally don’t connect to a piece of content that your team has created but they can link out to landing pages, videos,  etc. Go to your calendar and choose the day that you want to schedule your message and click +: Select Social Message from your content options: Choose the channel that you want to send your message on: Craft your post: To add a photo or video to your message, change the message type to the media type you want to add and your media by clicking the +add image or +add video: Select the file you want to upload: Once your file is uploaded you’ll be able to preview how it will look on the channel: To add a link, scroll over to the link tab, and enter your web address at the bottom of the post: You can now schedule your post, using Best Time Scheduling: You can also customize your time by selecting Custom Time from the dropdown menu and changing it: Then let’s say that your post is performing incredibly well. You can enable ReQueue to reshare that post and keep its momentum going. If you haven’t set up ReQueue yet, you need to walk through a small series of steps to get the system started. First go to left-hand side bar menu, select ReQueue and +New Group: Groups allow users to create different ReQueue content groups, so when you set up a new group you need to name it, determine what dates you want the group to send messages on, and decide how many messages the group can send in a given time period: There are two different ways you can add messages to your ReQueue group. One is toggling the ReQueue switch to on, like we showed you earlier. The other is to write your message directly in ReQueue. Select your group and click on Add Message: Craft your message like you would in the regular calendar: The last step in setting up your ReQueue is setting up how often ReQueue will fill the gaps in your calendar. To start, select Go to my ReQueue Settings in the upper right-hand corner: Then you’ll see a calendar where you can select the time frame and day that you want ReQueue to send your messages in: Finally, you need to set how many messages you want ReQueue to send per  day on each channel: Recommended Reading: How to Write For Social Media to Create the Best Posts Promoting Content With Social Media  Campaigns in Did you know that you can create social media campaigns to promote your WordPress content in one place with ? Creating content in is easy. Go back to your content list by selecting + in the upper right-hand corner and selecting the piece of content: Title your and create your content as usual: Then you can schedule your social media messages within your piece of content. To start select Add a Social Campaign: will automatically populate a social media schedule for you that you can add messages to. Simply click the +: To add a message outside the standard campaign set, scroll to the bottom, select Custom Date  and adjust the date at the bottom of the message: You can add as many messages as you want to promote your content. Now let’s say you want to create a 25 message campaign for every piece of content that you write. You wouldn’t want to re-create those messages for every piece of content that you create. That’s where Social Templates and Social Helpers come into play. To start, select the square icon under Social Campaigns and select +New Template: Title your template: Then add in the number of messages you want to send for each campaign. You’ll be able to select dates as well as social channels: Then you’re going to create your text helpers. These allow you to automatically fill in text for your social campaigns without having to manually go through each post and enter it. Select +New Helper, and then +Text Helper: Create title tags for each new social helper. At this point you can either enter the text you want the message to fill in or leave it blank for a more customizable approach to each campaign: Now you’re going to add the text helpers to the posts that you’ve created. That will allow to automatically populate them in your campaign. Select the brackets in the upper right-hand corner of each message, and select the helper you want to add: Next, you’re going to add image helpers to your campaign which will automatically add the photos you upload to your scheduled messages. Go back to your helper menu, and select Image Helper: Label your image helpers the same way that you labeled your text helpers. Do not add photos in your template. Select the message that you want to add an image to by clicking on the camera icon: The image helper title will appear. Click to add it to your template: Once you have your text and image helpers in place you can apply the template to any campaign by selecting the campaign name from the social template menu and clicking apply: In the template,  add your copy to your text helpers,  and select the camera button to add images to each of your image helpers: After you’ve uploaded all your images,  check your messages to see if the text and image helpers have been applied: WordPress + social media + @= success.Creating Standalone Social Media Campaigns Finally, let’s  walk through creating   standalone social media campaigns. These campaigns don’t directly connect to a piece of WordPress  content  in your calendar. First you need to add Social Campaigns to your custom content types. To do this go to your settings and scroll down to content types: Scroll down and choose Social Campaign from the drop-down menu: Then go to the content menu in your calendar and select Social Campaign: Title your campaign and set the date it will start: You can either add in the messages in manually by selecting the + icon or adding a social template: From there you can follow the steps that were previously outlined. Easy, right? Heres how to automate all your #social #media #campaigns in @.Automate Your Social Media Approval Process So, creating social content in is easy, right?   But, once you’ve created those posts,  your social media manager, editor, or client might still need to approve all those posts. And let’s face it, if you have tons of  posts to approve,  it  could take FOREVER. What if there was a way to automate that approval process? Setting Up Task Templates The first step in automating your approval process is setting up tasks templates that allow you to apply your to-do list into any social media piece. To create a task template, click into a piece of content, select the square box in the corner, and select +New Template: Title your template: Add in tasks that your team needs to complete in order to finish a project: Assign team members in your calendar to the tasks by clicking +Assign or clicking the arrow on the right-hand side of the task. You can also assign due dates for the task by choosing a day before publishing or creating a custom date in the Due dropdown menu: Once you have your tasks created and assign in your template, you can apply that template to any piece of content by selecting the square box in the top right-hand corner, and choosing your template: Adding Approval Steps To Your Workflows Someone on your team (or your client’s team) is probably responsible for approving content. Writing posts in Word docs and sending them back and forth via email isn’t exactly efficient, though. There has to be a better way, right? That’s where task approval steps in come in. You can assign approvals for any task in your task template and your team members won’t be able to check off the task until it’s been approved by a manager. To set this up, go back into your task template and click the arrow on the right-hand side. In the template, it will say Requires Approval From. Select the person that needs to approve the task contents: When the content creator is ready for the approver to check their work, a dash will appear in the box. This will alert the manager that content is ready for them to view: Managers will then be able to approve the task: Once the task is approved the usual checkmark will appear: Using task templates will help get your team out of their inbox and organized in one place. Improve social media approval workflows in @. Learn how:How To Measure Social Media Performance What if automagically gathered your social media data and packaged it into a few easy to download reports? Top Content Report You publish a ton of content and trying to find what’s doing well and connecting with your audience can be hard. ’s Top Content Report automatically reports on your most-shared content across social media. To find your Top Content Report, go to the left-hand side  of your dashboard, select Analytics,  and then Top Content Report: The first thing you’ll see is your top content for all time as well as the number of social shares that have been generated from the post. It’s important to note that Twitter shares are not included in these numbers due to the fact that Twitter revoked it’s API access: You can sort your top content by type: Who owns the content: And the time it was published: Now it couldn’t be easier to find your top content all in one place. Did you know @has robust #social #analytics capabilities? Its true!Social Engagement Reports But the reporting automation doesn’t stop there. also has Social Engagement Reports which break down engagement data  across all your social networks. To find them go back to the analytics home screen and select Social Engagement Report. The top of the report shows your engagement rate overall and breaks it down for each channel. You can also adjust the date that your data is being pulled from: The next section of the report details network performance and breaks down specific account performance as well: The final part of your report breaks down your top messages that were sent in a specific time period. You can see overall top performers as well as a breakdown of your top posts per channel: Another cool feature about the social engagement report is that you can schedule a pre-made PDF or CSV file to be delivered straight to your inbox. To set up your delivery schedule, go of your report and click Schedule: Choose your frequency: Then enter in the email addresses of the people the report needs to go to and viola! You’re done:

CHuman Performane Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CHuman Performane Improvement - Essay Example HPT is a combination of three main processes. These processes are: performance analysis, cause analysis, and intervention selection. Performance analysis, which is the first stage of the HPT involves comparing the performance that the program wishes to create and the performance as it is at the moment. This can be summarized as the process through which the performance that is desired is compared to the performance that is being experienced at the moment. As a result the analysts are supposed to come up with the performance gap. During the process of analyzing the performance it is always important to consider the goals of an individual, group, or organization. There should also be consideration of the environmental context in which the job will be done. The most important aspects to be considered during the analysis are the work that is supposed to be performed, the environment in which it is supposed to be performed, and the individuals who are supposed to do the work. Despite the fact that there might be a slight difference in the terms used, there is a common agreement that the presence of performance gap can be attributed to the work, environment of working, and the individuals doing the work. Different individual usually has different characteristics, what needs to be improved in one individual might not be what should be improved in another. Therefore, the people involved in a Human Performance Technology are very important because they are the main contributors to the current performance. It is the collective attributes of workers in an organization or group that adds up to the performance of the organization or group. Workers are also of high importance to this process because they are the same people who are expected to bridge the performance gap. Their willingness to improve on their shortcomings and perfecting their strengths will be of high importance in improving their performance. The other

Security Measures and How Far They Should Go Coursework

Security Measures and How Far They Should Go - Coursework Example Like so many areas of IT, security would be invincible if it were not for letting people use the systems and applications, sadly this has to happen and so systems get corrupted, hacked and generally brought to their knees. Both by users and external attacks by hackers, etc. Security has been stepped up over many years as better understanding of where problems can come from and what must be done to stop them. But, now very often the very security is itself the biggest problem as it gets in the way of productive work and can cause major problems for IT personnel trying to control users and still give them sufficient mobility to do their job well. Problems come from areas such as giving someone permissions to do a task on a mission critical application, the person goes on holiday and gives another person in the department the passwords to get into the application, that person is not well trained and promptly crashes the system on Monday morning, what then? The holidayer and substitute person will be punished then they say â€Å"oh well its impossible to get permissions for something as short as a week off, but the reports have to be done† what should managers think, it has been done for the best of motives, but the outcome is a disaster for the company security systems and for productivity. Making staff aware there can be bad outcomes is all very well, but if they find they cannot work well then human nature says find a way around the problem system or process as it’s no good. The other way will be for staff to say well we cannot do it because of the system and then productivity takes a tumble. Managers are left swearing at the whole mess, which has an apparently impossible set of outcomes.   

Population Density reserach paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Population Density reserach - Research Paper Example They choose a leader unanimously and look for guidance towards that group that they have chosen. The limited resources are not even much of a problem, as people will willingly give up a part of their share so as to help their own counterparts. The situation is quite under control in this case. The homogeneity makes it a gelling factor for the whole community to stick together even in adverse circumstances. If the population belongs to the same culture then comparably life becomes easier for people living there. In contrast if the population contains people of different culture there is always a war going on in which each culture is trying to supersede the other. There is constant conflict and each group strives to get power over the other. It has been seen that such groups have continuous struggle to gain the top position. Even there are constant fights and tussle for the resources. People tend to take more than required just so that the other person doesn’t get it. There is a constant war like situation and people try to get the better of each other and dominate the others to gain full authority. If there are many poor in the society then the situation worsens and people start worshipping some false person even to have their own selfish desires filled. This way they become more disoriented and lose the real purpose of their existence. It is really difficult to survive in a society that has a non-homogenous mix of people and majority of the people are poor. People tend to believe that life is a mess and the only way to survive is to fight their way through life. Survival of the fittest is the main concept here. While if there is a homogenous environment and the people are not poor at all, then again there are huge chances that peace will prevail (Baldassare, 1979). Today in AMERICA there are many minorities living. There is so much diversity in the culture that they are losing their own traditions. It has been observed that in areas where two to three di fferent minorities live strife is a norm. Some of the areas have become so dangerous those even policemen are scared to go there. At night the neighborhoods become small war stripes that people fear to tread. Even the areas near the neighborhoods are considered a difficult place to live. It has been seen that people who generally have low incomes live n these areas, but they face many troubles like small thefts, occasional muggings and sometime one or two knife fights. Usually the white kids also mix up with the kids from these areas and end up ruining their own lives (Baldassare, 1979). Sharing a living place with quite a lot many people and having limited resources is a difficult situation, it has happened quite many times with kids who have lost their parents, or ran away from their homes or even ran from their foster homes. There are many hygiene issues that come up with this kind of living and drug problems also arise. When I had to live in a college dorm, there were in total 7 people who were sharing it with me. They all belonged to different cultures so earlier there were quite a lot of hesitation among us, but gradually the barriers broke and we understood each other perfectly fine. We even started to cover for each other. It became a norm among us that once a month each one of us had to give others a treat. There were unspoken rules for never talking about your own roommate to others. Americans usually try to avoid such areas, and they try to move out of such areas as

Quality of Life for the Patient and Family Essay Example for Free

Quality of Life for the Patient and Family Essay Quality of life has a different meaning for everyone. Many personal thoughts and feelings can come into play when caring for others during the end stages of life. However as a nurse and caregiver, these opinions must be put aside at this significant time. For some health care providers, we may feel that keeping the patient comfortable and having them surrounded by family is most important. However, for the patient, personal culture, lifestyle and value for one self as well as a sense of independence in handling this time alone is most imperative. Therefor a nurse must consider the individuals past experiences, present lifestyle and personal hopes in which they choose to live in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns at this stage. One must meet not only the physical needs of the patient but the psychosocial demands in this sensitive time of need. Seeking aggressive medical treatment vs. palliative care is something that is very personal and differs from individual to individual. Nurses’ opinions and suggestions of the â€Å"best care† should not be voiced to the patient or family, even if asked directly. For Mrs. Thomas, time also plays an important role. She is young and may have many other worries than those of an older age experience in preparing for end of life. A nurse must consider what areas of life are important to her and what is the relative importance of each of these areas. Personal perception that counting on family support is huge, but may not be possible in Mrs. Thomas’ situation as her children live out of town. STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF LIFE The nurse should look at several strategies that directly impact the patient as well as the family. Quality of life not only looks at the health status  the patient but those directly involved in the care of the patient. This encompasses a broader set of planning including finances, housing, and employment. This will have a direct impact on the entire family. Three important strategies that are helpful to relieve overall stress and promote optimal coping skills include: 1) patient awareness of disease process, 2) available support from healthcare providers and 3) addressing physical as well as the psychosocial needs of the patient. Healthcare professionals must be prepared and speak directly with the patient and family when it is determined best to the physician’s ability, that the identified disease of breast cancer will cause death. Advance planning and preparation may be helpful in dying well if Mrs. Thomas is more aware about her status of disease. Physicians and nurses must change the plan of aggressive medical treatments of curing the disease of breast cancer and concentrate providing support and a comfortable well being of the deteriorating disease process. This in turn should provide a plan of care for relief of pain, contentment to the patient and focus on the overall whole being of quality of life. The homecare team can include doctors, nurses, home health aides, social workers, and clergy as well as trained volunteers. Most team members provide on-call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to deliver support. The patient and family should feel the comfort in calling these resources at anytime. The nurse must remind Mrs. Thomas and her husband that they are not â€Å"bothering† any team member by asking for assistance. The team must always work together and communicate the patient’s goals for end-of-life care. It is important for all to realize this is very individualized for each patient and family member. Each individual strategy should include caring for the whole person physically, emotionally, socially and spiritually. It important for the team to develop strengths based perspectives of psychosocial interventions and listen to what the patient and family have to say to enable them to cope better. In doing so, the team must also communicate on each encounter with Mrs. Thomas and family as well as each other to assure that her and the husband’s needs are being met. HOLISTIC CARE A holistic nursing care plan in valuable in delivering care to the entire person in supporting the physical, mental, spiritual, emotional, social and  environmental needs. With this approach, nursing care needs to move away from viewing Mrs. Thomas as merely a diagnosis and treating her as a whole person. Nursing goals should be to develop immediate trust with the patient and family, provide comfort, supportive care, and symptom management. This can be achieved by effective communication and providing a calm, relaxed setting for Mrs. Thomas. Allowing her to speak openly and honestly about her feelings and emotions of grief, physical complaints such as pain, nausea, and difficulty sleeping is a good way to start to develop a trusting nurse/patient relationship. As a nurse, one must be supportive and be willing to listen openly. Once Mrs. Thomas begins to express these types of things, the nurse must review and evaluate every visit to improve specific concerns with her. More importantly, healthcare providers must display an openness to hear new concerns and prioritize the needs of the patient and family. FUNCTIONAL ABILITY Assessments to maintain the self functional ability for Mrs. Thomas should include creating a plan to achieve realistic goals and allow self care as long as possible. This in turn can give control back to Mrs. Thomas, help raise confidence and value her quality of life. Mrs. Thomas’ physical, social and environmental conditions should also be considered to help her care for herself. Discussing the 24/7 availability of visits from registered nurses and social workers, involving family and friends or volunteers that can help with running errands and meal preparation for adequate dietary intake, and discussing appropriate medical equipment to assist with ADLs such as performing personal hygiene can prove to be helpful. PROVIDING ADDITIONAL CARE When self-care is no longer possible, the importance of more frequent nurse and/or social worker visits, and interaction of clergy is valuable. In addition, further involvement of additional family, friends, home health aides or volunteers to assist not only with running errands, meal preparation and assistance with ADLs but being present in the home for longer periods to care directly for Mrs. Thomas becomes more imperative. The nurse can assist in making sure appropriate DME equipment is in the home. In  addition, this turns out to be a time when additional emotional support is of great concern for Mr. Thomas. CHRONIC DEPRESSION Mr. Thomas already suffers from chronic depression and now has to endure immense and continuous stress to care for his wife with advanced breast cancer. Over time this takes a toll his health, ability to work, finances, and their own personal and family needs. Involvement of not only the nurse, but also social worker and bereavement counselor can help Mr. Thomas tremendously. Encouraging him to take his medications will help both him and his wife. Also, reassurance that it is okay to want quiet time and allowing others to help to care for his wife should be verbalized to him in a caring manner. Taking some of the financial worries away from Mr. Thomas may help as well. The social worker can discuss resources that are of no cost from community volunteer organizations and review the reimbursement of covered services from the insurance organization at the beginning and in ongoing care of his wife. Sharing the right information with the patient’s family is very important and can assist in better coping. Again, the home care team must offer an environment that provides the openness to hear all concerns and overall needs of not only the patient but also her family.

Gas turbine engine

Gas turbine engine TURBINE BLADE COOLING ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION It is well known from the thermodynamic analysis through literature survey that the performance of a gas turbine engine is strongly influenced by the temperature at the inlet to the turbine. Figure 1 illustrates the relation between the specific power output and turbine rotor inlet temperature. There is thus a growing tendency to use higher turbine inlet temperatures, implying increasing heat loads to the engine components. Engine manufacturers have recognised this for some time and have been continuously increasing turbine inlet temperature, especially during the last three decades. The blades are cooled by extracting air from the compressor stages. Modern gas turbine engines are designed to operate at inlet temperatures of 1800-2000K, which are far beyond the allowable metal temperatures. Thus, to maintain acceptable life and safety standards, the structural elements needs to be protected against the severe thermal environment. This calls for the design of an efficient cooling system for these elements. Rotor blade of high pressure gas turbine is such a critical element and hence the blade metal temperature should not be allowed to exceed beyond a value at which the life or safety standards cant be met. It is required to cool the blade in such a way that the amount of heat transferred from the externally flowing hot gas to the blade should be removed by an appropriate cooling design to limit the very high temperature. STRESSES IN THE BLADE Rotor blades of gas turbine are subjected to very high rotational speeds of the order of several thousand rpm and also are exposed to a variable thermal environment. Hence these blades are subjected to different types of stresses of different magnitudes and directions. As it is known, that the strength is a function of life and working temperature the net stress at any section of the blade should not exceed the maximum allowable value. The control on the blade metal temperature is the only way to sustain the stresses for the designed life of the blade for a specific operating condition and life requirement. Therefore to know about the cooling requirement, stresses should be predicted correctly on the blades at different sections. There are mainly four types of stresses with that rotor blades are being subjected; Centrifugal tensile stress Gas bending stress and Centrifugal bending stress Thermal stress 1.1. Centrifugal tensile stress Centrifugal stress in the rotor blade is due to the rotation of the blade. It is tensile in nature. This is the largest in magnitude but not necessarily the most important because it is almost a steady stress. When the rotational speed of the blade is specified, the allowable centrifugal tensile stress places a limit on the annulus area but does not affect the choice of blade chord. This stress is the basic cause of the blade failure due to the creep. 1.2. Centrifugal bending stress If the blade design is such that the centroids of all the blade cross-sections at different radii, taken perpendicular to the radial direction, do not lie in the same radial plane, centrifugal stresses arising in the blade will try to bend the blade. This type of stress arising due to the different directions of the centrifugal stresses in different blade sections is called as centrifugal bending stress. It will produce compressive stress in one side of the blade whereas tensile stress in the opposite side. Any torsional stress arising from these centrifugal stresses is small enough to be neglected. Thus this stress is very sensitive to manufacturing errors. 1.3. Gas bending stress The force arising from the change in angular momentum of the gas in the tangential direction, which produces the useful torque, also tries to bend the blade about the axis of rotation of the blades. The stress arising due to this bending force is called as gas bending stress. There may be change of momentum in the axial direction and in reaction turbines there will certainly be a pressure force in the axial direction. All these two will produce a bending moment in the blade about the tangential direction. The gas bending stress will be tensile in the leading and trailing edges and compressive in the back of the blade and with tapered twisted blades either the leading or trailing edge suffers with the maximum value of this stress. This is a fluctuating stress and its value becomes maximum when the rotor blade passes through the leading edge of the stator. 1.4. Gas bending stress Turbine blade is subjected to three-dimensional temperature gradients, along the blade height, along the blade profile and along the thickness of the blade. Due to these temperature gradients the blade fibres tend to deform unequally. This unequal deformation causes mainly two types of stresses to set up in the blade, compressive and tensile. As the blade considered is un-cooled therefore the contribution of the stress due to the temperature gradient along the thickness of the blade in net stress is not appreciable and can be neglected. Usually with the cooled blade this source of stress is main among all the sources of thermal stress. Again the thermal stress due to the temperature gradient along the blade height would not come in picture because the blade is free to expand along the height. Only the stress due to temperature gradient along the chord of the blade will contribute in net blade stress but its magnitude would not be much because the temperature gradient along the chord is not so high. BLADE MATERIAL AND STRENGTH Gas turbine blades are exposed to a very severe thermal atmosphere. The temperature is so high that it is fairly much more than the melting points of the common high-strength materials. Besides high temperature the requirement of durability is also another factor, which makes common materials unsuitable for use. Only super alloys may be suitable for this purpose. But the current trend of continuously increasing the turbine entry temperature attracted the concentration of the designers not only towards the new materials with well-improved mechanical and thermal properties but also to restrict the temperature of the blade material by its proper cooling. So, the material should have sufficient strength to face the operating situations. 1.5. Strength of blade material In ordinary temperature conditions the strength of the material under constant loads is estimated by tensile strength or yield strength. At high temperatures under action of constant loads in ordinary structural materials there appears the phenomenon of creep. It occurs as a result of prolonged exposure of materials to high stresses at high temperatures. This is particularly a acute problem on highly stressed rotating turbine blades and it occurs in the form of slowly and continuously developing plastic deformation. And excess of this plastic deformation causes the failure of the component. It is observed that at constant stress the higher the temperature the more quickly proceeds the process of creep i.e. the lesser the life of the component. It means that at a particular stress lesser will be the temperature higher will be the life of component. Therefore life of the component is a function of working temperature and stress. Hence to maintain the life of the component at a desire v alue it is required to lower the temperature of the component. Gas turbines operate in conditions of high temperatures and therefore in highly stressed components like rotor blades there appears the phenomenon of creep. Therefore for these cases where creep is the main criterion behind component failure the ultimate tensile stress is defined as the stress at which the component fails at a certain working temperature after the expiry of a certain period of time. It means that the strength of the material subjected at high temperatures is a function of this temperature and its operational life. PAST COOLING The technology of turbine cooling was recognised by some almost from the inception of the first turbojet engine. Cooling studies were first performed in the 1940 and many investigations were carried on in the 1950s. Around 1960, turbine cooling was first used in a commercial aircraft engine. Since that time, there has been a very rapid rise in turbine inlet temperature that has placed an even greater emphasis on turbine cooling. A continuous improvement in high-temperature materials has also helped to increase the turbine inlet temperature. The cooling technique used during 1960s was single internal passage convection cooling. The air used for cooling was injected through the root of the blade and to the internal aerofoil.

Felon disenfranchisement Essay -- Criminal Justice

One of the more controversial debates in today’s political arena, especially around election times, is that of felon disenfranchisement. The disenfranchisement of felons, or the practice of denying felons and ex-felons the right to vote, has been in practice before the colonization of America and traces back to early England; however, it has not become so controversial and publicized until recent times. â€Å"In today’s political system, felons and ex-felons are the only competent adults that are denied the right to vote; the total of those banned to vote is approximately 4.7 million men and women, over two percent of the nation’s population† (Reiman 3). Many people believe that felons do not deserve the right to vote. For these people, voting is not an inherent right; rather it is a privilege given to deserving people that wish to make a positive change to their lives. Some believe that, â€Å"†¦there is no reason for a felon to vote or to debate about whether or not they have that right†¦they made the choice to break the law, so why should they have any say in making it?† {Siegel} In this point of view, giving felons the right to vote is similar to rewarding them. With the right to vote, felons are still able to sway decisions regarding the lives of a society they are no longer a part of. Felons are meant to be punished, stripped of numerous rights including that of voting. Punishments, then, are made to restrict a person, not give them more freedom and decision. If felons are allowed to vote, one must consider the effects it would have on the elections. Many people believe that felons make the wrong choices for a reason, that they are clearly lacking something law-abiding citizens have. Professor Christopher Manfredi ... ..., Parole, and Community Corrections. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005. Jeffrey Reiman. â€Å"Liberal and Republican Arguments Against the Disenfranchisement of Felons.† Criminal Justice Ethics 24.1 (2005): 3-18. Criminal Justice Periodicals. ProQuest. Ryan Library, New Rochelle, NY. 13 Dec. 2007. http://www.proquest.com/. Losing the Vote. 1998. The Sentencing Project. 11 Jan. 2007. http://www.hrw.org/reports98/vote/usvot98o.htm. Siegel, Larry J. Criminology. 8th ed. Lowell: Thomson Wadsworth, 2003. United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics – 2002. Albany: The Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Center, 2003. United States. Federal Bureau of Investigations. Uniform Crime Reports. Sept. 2007. 12 Feb 2007. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2006/index.html